\b0 Born at Velletri in 63 BC, he was the first of
the Roman emperors. He personally held all the principal offices of the state, which were bestowed on him by the Senate and the Roman people. In 27 he was given the title of Augustus, which was to remain the official designation of all his successors. H
e defeated the peoples of the Alpine region and the lower Danube (Switzerland and Austria), but was unable to conquer Germany. He reorganized the provinces, reformed the army, boosted the monetary economy, and embellished Rome and the Empire with new mon
uments. He died at Nola in 14 AD at the age of seventy-six.\par